Concepts in science

Plant Cuticle

Cuticle: a hydrophobic boundary layer that coats the outer face of the epidermis of aerial plant organs.

Suberin: a hydrophobic polyester deposited in the apoplast of endodermal and peridermal cells, abscission zones, scar tissues, and seed coats.

Cutin: a polyester network of predominantly fatty acids that constitutes a major component of the plant cuticle.

Cross-link: a lateral covalent linkage between two polymer chains.

Long-chain fatty acid: a fatty acid that is 16 or 18 carbons in length.

Depolymerization: the breakdown of a polymer into its constituent monomers.

Gas chromatography: an analytical technique to separate and quantify the abundance of compounds that are volatile in a gaseous phase.

Apoplast: the continuous region throughout the plant that is external to the plasma membranes.

Dendrimer: a branching, tree-like structure with a single origin and many termini.

Monoacylglycerol: a molecule consisting of glycerol ester-linked to a single acyl chain.

Magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR): a method of solid-state NMR spectroscopy that gives improved peak resolution.

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) proteins: enzymes that conjugate a molecule of coenzyme A to the carboxyl end of a fatty acid.

Cytochrome P450: a large family of enzymes that typically perform oxidation reactions.

Cutinase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes polymeric cutin polymers, breaking the ester linkages.

Epidermal-growth-control theory: the thory that turgor-driven organ growth is constrained by the rigid epidermal layer.

Mass spectrometry or chromatography

原子量Atomic mass: Relative atomic mass, 原子量的单位为道尔顿Da。而1道尔顿的定义为C12原子静止质量的1/12. 原子核的质子和中子几乎占原子总质量的全部。

Atom

同位素isotope:含有相同的质子数不同中子数的原子。包括放射性同位素和稳定同位素。比如C13 和O18就属于稳定同位素。

同位素

同位素丰度isotope abundance/Natural abundance:自然界中存在的某一元素的各种同位素的相对含量,比例是固定的。比如在地球上,氧的同位素丰度:16O=99.76%,17O=0.04%,18O=0.20% 

丰度

同位素丰度表

平均质量(average mass ):计算时候,每个同位素质量都要乘以丰度,然后加和。比如氧气(O2)的平均分子量: 2*(15.994915*99.76%+16.999131*0.038%+17.999159*0.2%)这里需要说明,大家日常所叫的分子量(molecular weight),大多数时候便是平均质量。

精确质量 (Exact mass):是以丰度最高的同位素质量进行直接进行加和得到。

使用高分辨质谱进行分析的时,可看到每个同位素峰(isotope peak).
同位素峰

质谱正负离子模式的选择物质需要离子化后也就是需要带电才能被质谱检测。主要根据化合物的性质,也就是看结构的不同,有些物质在电离时容易带正电荷,有些容易带负电荷。

  1. 正离子模式:适合碱性样品,如还有赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸等肽类。可用乙酸(pH=3-4)或者甲酸(pH=2-3)对样品进行酸化。如果样品pK值已知,则pH至少要低于pK值2个单位。 碱性化合物容易加合质子,带正电荷,形成[M+H]+,m/z会多H的分子量。此外,还有其他带正电的加合物,[M+Na]+,[M+K]+,[M+NH4]+
  2. 负离子模式:适合酸性样品,如含有谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的肽类,可用氨水或三乙胺对样品碱化。pH至少高于pK值2个单位。酸性化合物很容易丢失质子,带负电荷,形成[M-H]-,m/z就是分子量要减去H。此外,还会形成[M+Cl]-,[M+HCOO]-,[M+CH3COO]-

当样本浓度特别高的时候,还会产生二聚离子,如[2M+H]+,[2M+Na]+,此时整个化合物的m/z就会增加;有时候还会形成多电荷离子,如[M+nH]n+,[M-nH]n-,这时候m/z就会减小

Jianfeng Jin
Jianfeng Jin
Postdoctoral Research Fellow

My research interests include plant secondary metabolism